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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
0:46 Pale or Yellowish Skin
1:02 Fatigue
1:20 Needlelike Sensations
1:38 Difficulty in mobility
1:55 Mouth Ulcers or Glossitis
2:19 Dizziness and Breathlessness
2:34 Disrupted Vision
2:54 Frequent Mood Changes


Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition of low blood and tissue levels of vitamin B12.[4] In mild deficiency, a person may feel tired and have a reduced number of red blood cells (anemia).[1] In moderate deficiency, soreness of the tongue, apthous ulcers, breathlessness, jaundice, hair loss and severe joint pain (arthralgia) and the beginning of neurological symptoms, including abnormal sensations such as pins and needles, numbness and tinnitus may occur.[1] Severe deficiency may include symptoms of reduced heart function as well as more severe neurological symptoms, including changes in reflexes, poor muscle function, memory problems, irritability, ataxia, decreased taste, decrease level of consciousness, depression, anxiety, guilt and psychosis.[1] Infertility may occur.[1][5] In young children, symptoms include poor growth, poor development, and difficulties with movement.[2] Without early treatment, some of the changes may be permanent.[6]

Causes are categorized as decreased absorption of vitamin B12 from the stomach or intestines, deficient intake, or increased requirements.[1] Decreased absorption may be due to atrophic gastritis pernicious anemia, surgical removal of the stomach, chronic inflammation of the pancreas, intestinal parasites, certain medications, and some genetic disorders.[1] Medications that may decrease absorption include proton pump inhibitors, H2receptor blockers, and metformin.[7] Decreased intake may occur in vegetarians, vegans and the malnourished.[1][8] Increased requirements occur in people with HIV/AIDS, and in those with shortened red blood cell lifespan.[1] Diagnosis is typically based on blood levels of vitamin B12 below 120–180 pmol/L (170 to 250 pg/mL) in adults.[2] Elevated methylmalonic acid levels may also indicate a deficiency.[2] A type of anemia known as megaloblastic anemia is often but not always present.[2] Individuals with low or "marginal" vitamin B12 in the range of 148–221 pmol/L (200–300 pg/mL) may not have classic neurological or hematological signs or symptoms.[2]

Treatment consists of oral or injected vitamin B12 supplementation; initially in high daily doses, followed by less frequent lower doses as the condition improves.[3] If a reversible cause is found, that cause should be corrected if possible.[9] If no reversible cause is found, or when found it cannot be eliminated, lifelong vitamin B12 administration is usually recommended.[10] Vitamin B12 deficiency is preventable with supplements containing the vitamin which is recommended in pregnant vegetarians and vegans, and not harmful in others.[2] Risk of toxicity due to vitamin B12 is low.[2]

Vitamin B12 deficiency in the US and the UK is estimated to occur in about 6 percent of those under the age of 60, and 20 percent of those over the age of 60.[1] In Latin America, about 40 percent are estimated to be affected, and this may be as high as 80 percent in parts of Africa and Asia.[1] Marginal deficiency is much more common and may occur in up to 40% of Western populations.[2]